dba基礎課程：Oracle備份恢復-RMAN備份

平臺:Redhat linux as5,Oracle10g

RMAN備份是指用恢復管理器備份數據文件,控制文件,歸檔日志和spfile的方法,前面手動備份(用戶管理)的備份要借助OS命令執行備份操作,而RMAN備份由目標數據庫的服務器進程來完.在RMAN備份中有三個新概念,備份集,備份片和映像副本,備份集是RMAN提供的一種用于存儲備份信息的邏輯結構,備份片是用于存儲備份集信息的二進制文件,也就是OS上的一個個文件,映像副本類似手動的備份,是單個數據文件,單個控制文件單個歸檔日志的完整備份文件.

完全數據庫備份

1.一致性備份(冷備)完整過程

RMAN> connect target /

connected to target database: DB2 (DBID=1852673443)

RMAN> shutdown immediate;

RMAN> startup mount;

#開始備份

RMAN> backup database format='/oracle/rmanback/%d_%s.dbf';

Starting backup at 12-JUN-09

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=35 devtype=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset

input datafile fno=00001 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/system01.dbf

input datafile fno=00003 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/sysaux01.dbf

input datafile fno=00002 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/undotbs01.dbf

input datafile fno=00004 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/usertbs.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUN-09

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUN-09

piece handle=/oracle/rmanback/DB2_1.dbf tag=TAG20090612T071426 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:01:35

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset

including current control file in backupset

including current SPFILE in backupset

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUN-09

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 12-JUN-09

piece handle=/oracle/rmanback/DB2_2.dbf tag=TAG20090612T071426 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

Finished backup at 12-JUN-09

RMAN> sql 'alter database open';

RMAN> sql 'alter system archive log current';

這樣一個數據庫就備份完了,通過上面的輸出可以看到,把表空間,數據文件,控制文件,SPFILE都備份了,其中表空間,數據文件都備在DB2_1.dbf里,控制文件和spfile保存在DB2_2.dbf里,(比手動備份簡單多了)

查看備份后的文件

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ pwd

/oracle/rmanback

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ ls

DB2_1.dbf DB2_2.dbf

2.非一致性備份

因為一致性備份要中斷業務,一般使用非一致性備份,但非一致性備份一定要在歸檔模式下.

RMAN> connect target sys/123456

RMAN> backup database format='/oracle/rmanback/%d_%s.dbf';

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ ls

DB2_1.dbf DB2_2.dbf DB2_3.dbf DB2_4.dbf

備份表空間

下面以表空間chenxy為例

RMAN> connect target sys/123456

RMAN> backup tablespace chenxy format='/oracle/rmanback/%N_%s.dbf';

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset

input datafile fno=00005 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/chenxy.dbf

input datafile fno=00005 name=/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/chenpy.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 12-JUN-09

Finished backup at 12-JUN-09

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ ls

CHENXY_6.dbf CHENXY_7.dbf DB2_1.dbf DB2_2.dbf DB2_3.dbf DB2_4.dbf

可以看到備份表空間就是把表空間內的所有數據文件備份下來

備份單個數據文件

RMAN> connect target sys/123456

RMAN> backup datafile 5 format='/oracle/rmanback/%N_%f_%s.dbf';

備份控制文件和歸檔日志

#備份控制文件

RMAN> backup current controlfile format='/oracle/rmanback/%d_%s.ctl';

#備份前一天的備檔日志

RMAN> backup format='/oracle/rmanback/%d_%s.arc'

2> archivelog from time='sysdate-1' until time='sysdate';

#同時備份數據文件和歸檔日志

RMAN> backup format '/oracle/rmanback/%d_%s.bak' tablespace chenxy plus archivelog;

備份映像副本

1.數據文件副本

RMAN> backup as copy format='/oracle/rmanback/df_5.dbf' datafile 5;

2.控制文件副本

RMAN> copy current controlfile to '/oracle/rmanback/db2.ctl';

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ ls

db2.ctl df_5.dbf

3.歸檔日志副本

RMAN> backup as copy format='/oracle/rmanback/arc30.log' archivelog sequence 30;

RMAN> copy archivelog '/home/oracle/oracle/oradata/db2/arch/1_31_689217827.dbf'

2> to '/oracle/rmanback/arc31.log';

[oracle@oracle rmanback]$ ll

total 678288

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 23883776 Jun 12 08:16 arc30.log

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1024 Jun 12 08:18 arc31.log

4.一次備份多個映像副本

RMAN> configure device type disk parallelism 3;

RMAN> backup as copy format='/oracle/rmanback/df_%f.dbf' datafile 2,3,4;

RMAN備份維護

1.報告目標數據庫

RMAN>report schema;

RMAN>report need backup incremental 3;

RMAN>report need backup days 3 tablespace chenxy;

RMAN>report need backup redundancy 2 database;

RMAN>report obsolete redundancy 2;

RMAN>report unrecoverable;

2.詳細分析RMAN資料庫

RMAN>list backup of tablespace chenxy;

RMAN>list backup of controlfile;

RMAN>list backup of archivelog all;

RMAN>list backup of spfile;

RMAN>list copy of datafile 5;

RMAN>list copy of controlfile;

RMAN>list copy of archivelog;

RMAN>list incarnation of database;

3.核對磁盤和磁帶上的備份文件

RMAN>crosscheck backup;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of database;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of tablespace system;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of datafile 4;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of controlfile;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of spfile;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of archivelog sequence 3;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of copy;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of database;

RMAN>crosscheck backup of tablespace users;

4.刪除備份記錄及相就的物理文件

RMAN>delete obsolete;

RMAN>delete noprompt expired backup;

RMAN>delete noprompt expired copy;

RMAN>delete noprompt backupset 12;

RMAN>delete noprompt backuppiece ‘/oracle/rmanback/ctl.bak’;

RMAN>delete noprompt backup;

RMAN>delete noprompt datafilecopy ‘/oracle/rmanback/*.bak’;

RMAN>delete noprompt copy;

RMAN>backup archivelog all delete input;

5.改變備份記錄的狀態

RMAN>change backupset 2 unavailable;

RMAN>change datafilecopy ‘/oracle/rmanback/*.bak’ unavailable;

RMAN>change backupset 10 keep forerer logs;

RMAN>change backupset 200 keep until time ‘sysdate+60’ logs;

RMAN>change backupset 20 nokeep;

6.追加備份記錄到RMAN資料庫

RMAN>catalog datafilecopy ‘/oracle/rmanback/chenxy01.bak’;

RMAN>catalog backuppiece ‘/oracle/rmanback/chenxy_10.dbf’;

RMAN>catalog start with ‘/oracle/rmanback’;

#注銷

RMAN>change datafilecopy ‘/oracle/rmanback/chenxy01.bak’ uncatalog;

RMAN>change controlfilecopy ‘‘/oracle/rmanback/db2.ctl’ uncatalog;

RMAN>change backuppiece ‘/oracle/rmanback/chenxy02.bak’ uncatalog;